危险驾驶罪强制措施的司法应用/黄太银

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-16 14:10:02   浏览:9373   来源:法律资料网
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《刑法修正案(八)》第22条新增了危险驾驶罪,其主刑只设定了拘役刑罚,刑罚低轻,刑种单一,为刑法诸罪刑罚设置的独一无二。司法实践中,刑种单一或可给科刑带来某种程度的方便,但在强制措施的采取上,却打破司法常态,凸显出其特殊性,简而不便。笔者在此谈谈拙见,敬请指正。
一、依法不能适用刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕措施
至刑法修正案(八),我国刑法罪名已达到451个。非常有意思的是,除危险驾驶罪外,对其他450种犯罪的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人都可以做到“一押到底”,即从立案侦查开始到交付执行,可以通过相继采取拘留和逮捕措施,使犯罪嫌疑人或被告人一直处于羁押状态中。这对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人来说无疑是严厉的,但对司法机关来说却能保证犯罪嫌疑人或被告人一直在案,最大限度地保障刑事诉讼的顺利进行。所以司法机关往往“偏爱”逮捕措施,在一定程度上导致谦抑性原则受损。危险驾驶罪的法定刑是其区别于其他犯罪的关键所在,从而决定对该罪犯罪嫌疑人或被告人排斥刑事诉讼法第60条规定的“可能判处徒刑以上刑罚”条件(即逮捕罪责条件或刑罚条件),导致整个刑事诉讼中不能采取该逮捕措施。尽管危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人在侦查阶段可因刑拘而受羁押,接下来就得因不能采取逮捕措施而变更为非羁押性强制措施,无法“一押到底”。
刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕必须同时具备三项条件:(1)犯罪事实条件,即“有证据证明有犯罪事实”;(2)罪责条件,即“可能判处徒刑以上刑罚”;(3)社会危险性条件,即“采取取保候审、监视居住等方法,尚不足以防止发生社会危险性,而有逮捕必要”。对逮捕该当性的评价,取决于上述条件的认定,刑事诉讼法第60条规定的本身就蕴涵着一定的审查规则,犯罪事实条件为首选,罪责条件次之,而社会危险性条件则是再次之,逐一满足方可。但只要有一个条件不能满足即可作出否定性评价。而作出逮捕否定性评价要注意优先适用法律及司法解释的特别规定。如根据最高人民检察院1996年12月31日《关于审查逮捕和公诉工作贯彻刑诉法若干问题的意见》(高检发研字[1997]1号)规定,只要具有刑事诉讼法第15条规定的情形之一的,就应不予批准逮捕。刑事诉讼法第15条的规定有四项均属排斥逮捕罪责条件的情形。新增的危险驾驶罪,其法定最高刑罚为拘役6个月,不可能判处徒刑以上刑罚,也应属于排斥逮捕罪责条件的法律特别规定,可谓法定不能捕。
因此,对危险驾驶案犯罪嫌疑人或被告人采取强制措施,必须充分注意到这种犯罪刑罚规定的特殊性,防止错误采取刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕措施。对公安机关仅就涉嫌危险驾驶罪,对犯罪嫌疑人适用刑事诉讼法第60条的规定提请批准逮捕的,检察机关只需以“不能判处徒刑以上刑罚”为由,即可不予批准逮捕。反之,如果检察机关、审判机关批准或决定逮捕,则属违法采取刑事强制措施。对这种错捕,应当依法纠正。如,2011年5月11日,遵义县检察院以涉嫌危险驾驶罪对醉酒驾驶机动车的犯罪嫌疑人冉某作出批准逮捕决定,使得冉某成为“醉驾入刑”以来该院批捕的首名醉酒驾驶的机动车驾驶员 。①笔者认为,该案审查时就没有注意到危险驾驶罪刑事规范存在的否定逮捕罪责条件的法定因素,对冉某作出批准逮捕决定显然是错误的。当然,这种错捕不在国家赔偿之列,因为国家赔偿法第17条规定的错捕赔偿范围只限于被撤销案件、存疑不起诉和宣告无罪的错捕,其以没有犯罪事实为提前条件。
二、违反刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条的规定可予逮捕
对涉嫌危险驾驶罪的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人不采取逮捕措施,是相对而言的。因为刑事诉讼法不止是以第60条规定了一种逮捕,还以第56条和第57条规定了违反取保候审或监视居住义务的另一种逮捕。前者是以实体违法为前提,是司法实践中常用的普通逮捕;后者以程序违法为前提,如被取保候审人、被监视居住人擅自离开住处、指定居所或所居住的市、县,擅自会见他人,传讯不到案,干扰证人作证,毁灭、伪造证据或者串供等严重违反刑事诉讼秩序情形,是司法实践中少用的特殊逮捕。从法理上讲,危险驾驶案件排斥采取普通逮捕,但并不排斥采取特殊逮捕。
危险驾驶案件属于轻罪案件,既然无需采取普通逮捕,那为何还有采取特殊逮捕一说呢?因为特殊逮捕对危险驾驶案件也同样具有保障诉讼作用。司法实践中,危险驾驶案件一进入起诉、审判阶段,就应对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人采取取保候审或监视居住措施,但司法机关却无法保证都能自觉接受审查或审判,难免有的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在取保候审或监视居住过程中潜逃或传讯不到案,造成刑事诉讼中止。刑事强制措施的功能在于保障刑事诉讼顺利进行,当采取非羁押性强制措施不足保障时,羁押性强制措施就取而代之,当羁押性强制措施过而欠当时,就应变更为非羁押性强制措施,强制措施的非羁押型与羁押型之间具有互补作用。对于被取保候审或监视居住的危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人,违反刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条规定的义务,达到最高人民检察院1999年9月21日《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》(高检发释字〔1999〕9号)第53条或第68条规定的标准 ,②就应当依法采取特殊逮捕。特殊逮捕正好解决了危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在审查起诉和审判阶段逃跑,司法机关需要采取羁押措施的法律障碍,弥补了采取普通逮捕法定不能的不足。刑事诉讼法第123条第1款规定:“应当逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人如果在逃,公安机关可以发布通缉令,采取有效措施,追捕归案。”如果要通缉在逃的危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人,针对“应当逮捕”条件,也只有采取刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条规定的特殊逮捕才能于法有据。
三、公安机关刑拘释放时应及时变更强制措施
《刑法修正(八)》自今年5月1日实施以来,全国各地已陆续判处了一批醉驾型危险驾驶罪案件,其显著特点之一就是快审快结,诉讼期限短。如,山东醉驾判刑第一人张某,5月5日晚被查获,5月9日即被梁山县人民法院判处拘役2个月,并处罚金2000元,诉讼用时仅为3日(周六、周日除外) 。③由此刑事司法与理论界有人提出要探讨建立新的快速审理机制。笔者认为,醉驾、飙车入罪作为倍受公众关注的新型犯罪,司法机关在生效伊始以快速查处带来轰动效应,时过半月就已收到全国酒驾案件大幅度下降的预期效果,无疑是值得充分肯定的。但司法应保持理性,在追求高办案效率的同时,一定要注意严格程序,求快不违法,正确采取强制措施。司法实践应把握以下几个问题:
1、公安机关不应不变更强制措施而移送审查起诉
根据刑事诉讼法第61条的规定,公安机关对正在实行危险驾驶或者在危险驾驶后即时被发觉的犯罪嫌疑人,有权对其刑事拘留3日,特殊情况还可以延长4日。虽然公安机关认为应对危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人移送审查起诉,以追究刑事责任,但公安机关不能一如其他犯罪案件那样,认为需要逮捕的,在拘留期限内,依法办理提请批准逮捕手续,而只能解除刑拘措施,予以释放。这里需要注意的是,公安机关释放危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人时,必须变更强制措施,理由是:
第一、公安部1998年5月14日《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》(公安部令第35号)第113条第2项规定“应当追究刑事责任,但不需要逮捕的,依法办理取保候审或者监视居住手续后,直接向人民检察院移送起诉”。根据这一规定,刑拘释放后不变更为保候审或者监视居住措施而移送审查起诉危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人,就属违反公安机关办案程序。
第二、只有在采取取保候审或者监视居住强制措施的前提下,才能在后来不得已的情况下启动特殊逮捕程序。拘释放后不采取任何强制措施,一旦危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人逃跑,司法机关就无法律依据对其缉拿到案,危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人也不会因逃跑行为而承担什么法律责任。采取取保候审或者监视居住强制措施在起诉和审判阶段显得尤为重要。
2、检察机关和审判机关不能共享刑拘期限办案
从司法实践来看,不少醉驾案件是现场查获、当场抽血取证、被告人认罪而适用简易程序的案件,完全可以在有限的刑拘期限内完成侦查、起诉和审判等刑事诉讼活动。也许会有人认为,既然不能采取普通逮捕,审查起诉和审判阶段变更强制措施又麻烦,干脆占用公安机关的刑拘时间将案件审结,岂不快捷省事。笔者认为,刑拘期限是侦查专用期限,起诉与审判阶段占用于法无据,如果公安机关在未变更刑拘措施的情况下直接移送审查起诉,以便检察机关及审判机关在法定刑拘期限审结,无疑是违法的,应当严格禁止这种非法占用或“借用”。
3、检察机关和审判机关应当重新办理取保候审手续
根据最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部1999年8月4日《关于取保候审若干问题的规定》(公通字[1999]59号)第22条的规定,对危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在侦查或审查起诉阶段已经采取取保候审的,案件移送至审查起诉或者审判阶段时,如果需要继续取保候审,或者需要变更保证方式或强制措施的,受案机关应当在7日内作出决定。而且根据该《规定》的第23条规定,原决定机关收到受案机关的变更强制措施决定后,还应当立即办理解除取保候审手续。
四、审判机关不能依据未生效的刑事判决进行收押
根据刑事诉讼法第213条的规定,危险驾驶罪犯因被判处拘役,应由公安机关执行。而根据公安部2008年2月29日《看守所留所执行刑罚罪犯管理办法》(公安部令第98号,以下简称《管理办法》)第2条第2款规定,被判处拘役的罪犯,由看守所执行刑罚。拘役必须羁押执行,没有被逮捕的危险驾驶罪罪犯判决生效时怎么收押呢?早在1980年12月11日最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部对四川省高级人民法院、人民检察院、公安厅所作的《对于未逮捕的罪犯可根据判决书等文书收监执行的批复》(高检刑字[1980]第66号)就已经规定,对于判处拘役或者有期徒刑以上刑罚而未逮捕的罪犯,公安机关可根据刑事案件执行通知书和已发生法律效力的判决书,收进劳改、拘役场所执行,不另办理逮捕手续。最高人民法院1998年9月2日《关于执行若干问题的解释》(法释〔1998〕23号)第350条又规定:“罪犯需要羁押执行刑罚,而判决确定前罪犯没有被羁押的,人民法院应当根据生效的判决书或者裁定书将罪犯羁押,并送交公安机关。”对此,公安部《管理办法》第8条也有相应规定,看守所在收到交付执行的人民法院送达的人民检察院起诉书副本和人民法院判决书、裁定书、执行通知书、结案登记表的当日,应当办理罪犯收押手续。上述规定非常明确,无需办理逮捕手续,可凭生效刑事判决收押危险驾驶罪犯以执行拘役刑罚。
但是,对没有逮捕的涉嫌危险驾驶罪被告人在一审判决宣告后的上诉期限内,或者二审终审判决宣告前,审判机关能否凭借未生效的一审判决对其收押呢?结论是不能。因为收押必须持有相应的法律羁押手续,未生效的刑事判决文书不在法律及司法解释规定的法定依据之列。按照最高人民检察院1996年12月31日《关于刑事诉讼法律监督工作贯彻刑诉法若干问题的意见》(高检发研字[1997]1号)的规定,即使公安机关采取过逮捕措施,但变更逮捕措施后,需要逮捕犯罪嫌疑人,也应当重新报捕,而不能自行决定收监。同理,检察机关、审判机关也存在重新决定逮捕的必要。司法实践中,其他犯罪的被告人被一审法院宣告判处监禁性刑罚时,会当庭立即收押。当庭收押所依据的是经法院决定的逮捕措施,而非未生效的一审判决。可此时对被宣告犯有危险驾驶罪的被告人既不能采取普通逮捕,也因没有违反取保候审或监视居住义务而不能采取特殊逮捕,故仍然不能收押。相对来说,一审法院既然判处的拘禁性的拘役刑,但却不能予以收押,还有对被告人失控的风险,未生效的有罪判决文书的拘束力还比不上一张逮捕证,审判机关对此是无奈的,但在现有的刑事诉讼框架下,只能让涉嫌危险驾驶罪被告人继续处于非羁押性的强制措施状态之下。当然,如果最高人民法院制定相关司法解释,规定审判机关可依据判处拘禁性刑罚的一审未生效刑事判决而无需采取逮捕措施即可收押被告人,则能从刑事立法上解决这一司法尴尬的局面。

注释:
①源于中国西部开发网,2011-5-12,《贵州省遵义县首名醉驾犯罪嫌疑人被捕》一文。
②最高人民检察院《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》第53条规定:“对下列违反取保候审规定的犯罪嫌疑人,应当予以逮捕:
“(一)企图自杀、逃跑,逃避侦查、审查起诉的;
“(二)实施毁灭、伪造证据或者串供、干扰证人作证行为,足以影响侦查、审查起诉工作正常进行的;
“(三)未经批准,擅自离开所居住的市、县,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自离开所居住的市、县的;
“(四)经传讯不到案,造成严重后果,或者两次经传讯不到案的。”
第68条第2款规定:“下列违反监视居住规定的行为,属于情节严重,对犯罪嫌疑人应当予以逮捕:
“(一)故意实施新的犯罪行为的;
“(二)企图自杀、逃跑,逃避侦查、审查起诉的;
“(三)实施毁灭、伪造证据或者串供、干扰证人作证行为,足以影响侦查、审查起诉工作正常进行的;
“(四)未经批准,擅自离开住处或者指定的居所,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自离开住处或者指定的居所的;
“(五)未经批准,擅自会见他人,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自会见他人的;
“(六)经传讯不到案,造成严重后果,或者两次经传讯不到案的。”
③源于《大众网》,2011-5-11,《山东醉驾入刑第一人 济宁张某判拘役两月》一文。


* 作者系海南省人民检察院第二分院检察委员会委员、公诉二处长。
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MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

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MERCHANT SHIPPING (LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 414)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  alculation of tonnage
  
  II    LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  nterpretation of Part II
  iability for oil pollution
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  imitation of liability under section 6
  Limitation actions
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limitation
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  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Issue of certificate by Director
  Rights of third parties against insurers
  Jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts and registration of foreign
judgments
  Warships, etc.
  Liability for cost of preventive measures where section 6 does
not
  apply
  Saving for recourse actions
  
  III   THE INTERNATIONAL OIL POLLUTION COMPENSATION FUND
  Interpretation of Part III
  Contributions to the Fund
  Power to obtain information
  Liability of the Fund for pollution damage
  Indemnification of ship owner where ship registered in Fund
Convention
  country
  Effect of judgments
  Extinguishment of claims under Part III
  Subrogation and rights of recourse
  
  IV    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by bodies corporate
  Fees
  Amendments, Savings and Repeals
  
  dule 1. Overall limit on liability of Fund
  dule 2. (Omitted)
  
  rdinance to provide for compensation for pollution caused 
by the
  harge or escape of oil from oil-carrying ships and for the 
liability
  hipowners; for compulsory insurance in respect of such liability; 
for
  ributions by oil importers and others to the International 
Fund for
  ensation for Oil Pollution Damage; for the liability of the 
Fund in
  ain circumstances for such pollution; for the 
indemnification of
  owners by the Fund; and for incidental or related matters.
  January 1991] L. N. 13 of 1991
 PART I Preliminary
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Merchant Shipping 
(Liability and
  ensation for Oil Pollution) Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  t" includes expenses;
  ntry" includes any territory;
  rt" means the High Court or a judge thereof;
  age" includes loss;
  ector" means the Director of Marine;
  d Convention" means the International Convention on the 
establishment
  n International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 
opened
  signature in Brussels on 18 December 1971;
  g Kong ship" means a ship registered in Hong Kong;
  bility Convention" means the International Convention 
on  Civil
  ility for Oil Pollution Damage opened for signature in Brussels
on 29
  mber 1969;
  er", in relation to a ship, means the person or persons registered 
as
  owner of the ship or, in the absence of registration, the 
person or
  ons owning the ship, except that in relation to a ship owned 
by a
  e which is operated by a person registered as the ship's operator, 
it
  s the person registered as its operator; (Amended 74 of 1990 s.
104
  
  lution damage" means damage caused outside a ship carrying 
oil by
  amination resulting from the discharge or escape of oil from the
ship,
  ever the discharge or escape may occur, and includes the 
cost of
  entive measures and damage caused by preventive measures;
  ventive measures" means any reasonable measures taken by any 
person
  r a discharge or escape of oil from a ship to prevent or 
reduce
  ution damage;
  p" means any sea-going vessel or seaborne craft of 
any  type
  soever, carrying oil in bulk as cargo;
  cial drawing rights" means units of account used by the 
International
  tary Fund and known as special drawing rights;
  minal installation" means any site for the storage of oil in 
bulk
  h is capable of receiving oil from waterborne 
transportation,
  uding any facility situated offshore and linked to any such site.
  For the purposes of this Ordinance, where more than one 
discharge or
  pe results from the same occurrence or from a series of 
occurrences
  ng the same origin, they shall be treated as one; but any 
measures
  n after the first of them shall be deemed to have been taken after
the
  harge or escape.
  References in this Ordinance to the area of any country include 
the
  itorial sea of that country.
  
  ertificate as to parties to Conventions
  rtificate signed by the Governor and certifying that a State
specified
  he certificate--
  is a party to the Liability Convention in respect of a 
country
  ified in the certificate; or
  is a party to the Fund Convention in respect of a country specified
in
  certificate,
  l be conclusive evidence of the matters contained therein and
shall in
  legal proceedings under this Ordinance to which it 
relates be
  ssible on its production and without further proof.
  alculation of tonnage
  the purposes of this Ordinance, the tonnage of a ship 
shall be
  rtained as follows--
  where the register tonnage of the ship has been or can be 
ascertained
  ccordance with the Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations 
(App. I,
  , the ship's tonnage shall be the register tonnage of the ship 
as so
  rtained but without making any deduction required by those
regulations
  ny tonnage allowance for propelling machinery space;
  where the ship is of a class or description with respect to which 
no
  ision is for the time being made by the Merchant Shipping 
(Tonnage)
  lations, the tonnage of the ship shall be taken to be 40% 
of the
  ht (expressed in tons of 2 240 lbs) of oil which the ship is 
capable
  arrying;
  where the tonnage of the ship can not be ascertained in 
accordance
  either paragraph (a) or (b), the Director shall, if so directed 
by
  court in any proceedings, certify what, on the evidence 
specified in
  direction, would in his opinion be the tonnage of the 
ship as
  rtained in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b), as the case may 
be,
  he ship could be duly measured for the purpose; and the tonnage
stated
  is certificate shall be taken to be the tonnage of the ship.
 PART II LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION AND COMPULSORY INSURANCE
  
  nterpretation of Part II
  In this Part--
  bility Convention country" means a country in respect of 
which the
  ility Convention is in force; and
  bility Convention State" means a State which is a party 
to the
  ility Convention.
  In relation to any pollution damage resulting from the 
discharge or
  pe of any oil carried in a ship references in this Part to the 
owner
  he ship are references to the owner at the time of the 
occurrence
  lting in the discharge or escape or, if there is more than one 
such
  rrence, at the time of the first of such occurrences.
  References in this Part to the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979
c. 39
  .) are references to that Act as it applies in Hong Kong.
  
  iability for oil pollution
  Where, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a 
ship is
  ying a cargo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried 
by
  ship (whether as part of the cargo or otherwise) is 
discharged or
  pes from the ship, the owner of the ship shall be liable, except 
as
  rwise provided by this Ordinance, for any pollution damage 
caused in
  Kong.
  Where--
  a liability arises under subsection (1); and
  the discharge or escape by reason of which the liability arose 
also
  lts in pollution damage in the area of a Liability Convention 
country
  r than Hong Kong, the owner of the ship concerned shall also be
liable
  r subsection (1) for that damage as if the damage had occurred
in Hong
  .
  Where persistent oil is discharged or escapes from 2 or more 
ships
  -
  a liability is incurred under this section by the owner of 
each of
  ; but
  the pollution damage for which each of the owners would, apart 
from
  subsection, be liable cannot reasonably be separated from that 
for
  h the other or others would be liable,
  of the owners shall be liable, jointly with the other or others, 
for
  whole of that damage for which the owners together would be 
liable
  r this section.
  Section 21 of the Law Amendment and Reform (Consolidation)
Ordinance
  . 23) shall apply in relation to any pollution damage for 
which a
  on is liable under this section, but which is not due to his fault,
as
  t were due to his fault.
  xceptions from liability under section 6
  owner of a ship from which persistent oil has been discharged or 
has
  ped shall not incur any liability under section 6 if he proves 
that
  discharge or escape--
  resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, 
insurrection or
  xceptional, inevitable and irresistible natural phenomenon; or
  was due wholly to anything done or left undone by another person, 
not
  g a servant or agent of the owner, with intent to do damage; or
  was due wholly to the negligence or wrongful act of a 
government or
  r authority in exercising its function of maintaining lights or 
other
  gational aids for the maintenance of which it was responsible.
  estriction of liability for oil pollution
  e, as a result of any occurrence taking place while a ship is
carrying
  rgo of persistent oil in bulk, any persistent oil carried by the
ship
  ther as part of the cargo or otherwise) is discharged or escapes
then,
  her or not the owner incurs a liability under section 6,--
  he shall not be liable otherwise than under that section for any 
such
  ution damage as is mentioned therein; and
  no servant or agent of the owner and no person performing 
salvage
  ations with the agreement of the owner shall be liable for any 
such
  ge.
  
  imitation of liability under section 6
  e the owner of a ship incurs a liability under section 6 by reason 
of
  scharge or escape which occurred without his actual fault or 
privity,
  ay limit that liability in accordance with this Ordinance, and 
if he
  so his liability (that is to say, the aggregate of his 
liabilities
  r section 6 resulting from the discharge or escape) shall not
exceed--
  133 special drawing rights for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
or
  14,000,000 special drawing rights, whichever amount is the less.
  
  Limitation actions
  Where the owner of a ship has or is alleged to have 
incurred a
  ility under section 6 he may apply to the court in accordance 
with
  s of court for the limitation of that liability to 
an amount
  rmined in accordance with section 9.
  If on such an application the court finds that the 
applicant has
  rred such a liability and is entitled to limit it, the court 
shall
  rmine the limit of the liability and direct payment into court
of the
  nt of that limit, and shall then
  determine the amounts that would, apart from the limit, be 
due in
  ect of the liability to the several persons making claims 
in the
  eedings under this section; and
  direct the distribution of the amount paid into court (or, as the
case
  be, so much of it as does not exceed the liability) among 
those
  ons in proportion to their claims subject to the following 
provisions
  his section.
  A payment into court of the amount of a limit determined under 
this
  ion shall be made in Hong Kong dollars and--
  for the purposes of converting such an amount from special 
drawing
  ts into Hong Kong dollars the Monetary Authority may certify, in 
Hong
  dollars, the respective amounts which are to be taken as 
equivalent
  a particular day to the sums expressed in special drawing 
rights in
  ion 9;
  a certificate signed by or on behalf of the Monetary Authority 
under
  graph (a) shall be conclusive evidence of the matters 
contained
  ein and shall in legal proceedings under this Ordinance to 
which it
  tes be admissible on its production and without further proof.
  nded 82 of 1992 s. 44)
  No claim shall be made in proceedings under this section except
within
  time as the court may direct or such further time as the court 
may
  w.
  Where any sum has been paid in or towards satisfaction of any claim
in
  ect of the pollution damage to which the liability referred 
to in
  ection (1) extends--
  by the owner or the person referred to in section 17 as "the
insurer";
  
  by a person who has or is alleged to have incurred a 
liability,
  rwise than under section 6, for that damage and who is 
entitled to
  t his liability in connection with the ship by virtue of the 
Merchant
  ping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. K.), the person who paid the sum 
shall,
  he extent of that sum, be in the same position with respect to 
any
  ribution made in proceedings under this section as the person to 
whom
  as paid would, apart from this subsection, have been, 
and the
  ribution shall be made accordingly.
  Where the owner who incurred the liability referred to in
subsection
  has voluntarily made any reasonable sacrifice or taken 
any other
  onable measures to prevent or reduce pollution damage to 
which the
  ility extends or might have extended he shall be in the same 
position
  respect to any distribution made in proceedings under this
section as
  e had established a claim in respect of the liability for an 
amount
  l to the cost of the sacrifice or other measures, and the
distribution
  l be made accordingly.
  The court may, if it thinks fit, postpone the distribution of 
such
  of the amount to be distributed as it deems appropriate having
regard
  ny claims that may later be established before a court outside 
Hong
  .
  
  Restriction on enforcement of claims after establishment of
limitation
  
  e the court has found that a person who has incurred a liability
under
  ion 6 is entitled to limit that liability to any amount and 
he has
  into court a sum not less than that amount--
  the court shall order the release of any ship or other 
property
  sted in connection with a claim in respect of that liability or 
any
  rity given to prevent or obtain release from such an arrest; and
  no judgment or decree for any such claim shall be enforced, except 
so
  as it is for costs,
  sum paid into court, or such part thereof as corresponds to the
claim,
  be actually available to the claimant or would have been available
to
  if the proper steps in the proceedings under section 10 
had been
  n.
  Concurrent liabilities of owners and others
  e, as a result of any discharge or escape of persistent oil 
from a
  , he owner of the ship incurs a liability under section 6 and 
any
  r person incurs a liability, otherwise than under that section, 
for
  such pollution damage as is mentioned in subsection (1) 
of that
  ion, then, if--
  the owner has been found, in proceedings under section 10, 
to be
  tled to limit his liability to any amount and has paid into 
court a
  not less than that amount; and
  the other person is entitled to limit his liability in connection
with
  ship by virtue of the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 (1979 c. 39 U. 
K.),
  roceedings shall be taken against the other person in respect of 
his
  ility, and if any such proceedings were commenced before the 
owner
  the sum into court, no further steps shall be taken 
in the
  eedings except in relation to costs.
  Establishment of limitation fund outside Hong Kong
  e the events resulting in the liability of any person under
section 6
  result in a corresponding liability under the law of a 
Liability
  ention country other than Hong Kong, sections 11 and 12 shall
apply as
  he references to sections 6 and 10 included references 
to the
  esponding provisions of that law and the references to sums paid 
into
  t included references to any sums secured under those 
provisions in
  ect of the liability.
  Extinguishment of claims under Part II
  ction to enforce a claim in respect of a liability incurred 
under
  ion 6 shall be brought in any court in Hong Kong unless the action 
is
  enced not later than 3 years after the claim arose and not later 
than
  ars after the occurrence or, if there is more than 
one such
  rrence, the first of such occurrences resulting in the 
discharge or
  pe by reason of which the liability was incurred.
  
  Compulsory insurance against liability for oil pollution
  Subject to section 19, subsection (2) applies to any ship carrying 
in
  a cargo of more than 2,000 tons of persistent oil as 
defined in
  lations made under this section.
  A ship to which this subsection applies shall not enter or leave--
  the waters of Hong Kong; or
  if the ship is a Hong Kong ship, a port in any other country 
or a
  inal installation in the territorial sea of any other country, 
unless
  e is in force a certificate complying with subsection 
(4) and
  ifying that there is in force in respect of the ship a 
contract of
  rance or other security satisfying the requirements of Article

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财政部、国家税务总局关于国家林业局2000年度种子(苗)免税进口计划的通知

财政部 国家税务总局


财政部、国家税务总局关于国家林业局2000年度种子(苗)免税进口计划的通知
财政部 国家税务总局




海关总署、国家林业局:
根据财政部、国家税务总局《关于继续对进口种子(苗)和种畜(禽)鱼种(苗)和非盈利性种用野生动植物种源实行税收优惠政策的通知》(财税字〔1998〕66号)的规定,各有关单位已报送2000年度进口计划。经核准,现将国家林业局2000年度免税进口计划(见附
件)通知你们,请据此办理审批手续。

附件:

国家林业局2000年免税进口计划
--------------------------------------
| | | 种子| 苗木 | 球茎 |
| 序号 | 进口种苗名称 | | | |
| | |(吨)|(万株)|(万粒)|
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 1 |无根插枝及接穗 | |420 | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 2 |水果、干果种子苗 | 70| 60 | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 4 |松、杉、柏类种子 | 30| 8 | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 5 |桉、相思类种子 | 1 | | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 8 |棕榈、漆、槭类种子 | 30| | 60 |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 25 |郁金香种球 |200| |500 |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 26 |百合种球 |300| |2000|
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 27 |唐草蒲种球 |200| |500 |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 32 |三叶草子 |120| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 33 |羊茅子 |700| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 34 |早熟禾子 |700| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 35 |黑麦草种子 |500| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 38 |狗牙根种子 |120| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 40 |剪股颗种子 | 30| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 43 |草坪种子 |180| | |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 45 |花卉种子(苗、球、茎) | 65|930 |680 |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 47 |其它种植用的种子、果实及孢子 |325| | 90 |
|----|-----------------|---|----|----|
| 48 |其它种植用根、茎、苗、芽等繁殖料 | |220 | |
--------------------------------------



2000年3月21日